On December 8, 2024, Syria embarked on a new chapter in its history with the fall of the Ba'ath regime after 51 years of rule. This significant event was preceded by 14 years of widespread protests against the regime, a testament to the resilience and determination of the Syrian people. These protests evolved into an armed conflict, during which hundreds of thousands of Syrians lost their lives, and half the population was displaced (12 Million). The state also lost control over large parts of the country.
Because of these conditions, Syria became an arena for regional and international interventions, which pose complex challenges for the new Syrian government.
This report discusses the short-term internal and external challenges. They include the deteriorating economy and the complicated security situation, given the presence of former security personnel and armed faction fighters, which could lead to the outbreak of armed confrontations in many areas.
Moreover, the internal challenges include implementing transitional justice to capture criminals and hold them accountable, as there are numerous crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during the 50 years of Ba'ath regime rule, especially since 20011. It also includes controlling the stability within ethnic and sectarian groups and communities.
External challenges include stabilizing broad relations with Turkey, which was a major supporter of the opposition, and Israel, the most fundamental threat to the state, which seeks to increase its military influence and play within Syria's sectarian composite.
Other external challenges include relations with the United States, which imposes sanctions against Syria and supports the Kurdish militia in the northeast of the country. On the other hand, Iran seeks to regain its influence and strategic relations with Syria, which has linkages and sectarian affiliations with some militia groups in the country.
The report concludes that Syria faces significant internal stability and international relations challenges, requiring international partners and comprehensive support for reconstruction and transition to a new phase of democratic state.
Keywords: : Syria, Assad, sectarianism, transitional justice, sanctions, economy, military bases, Türkiye, Israel, United States, Iran.
